Engineering Disclaimer

For education and information

The calculators, formulas, worked examples and explanations here are provided for educational and informational purposes. They are meant to help you understand a relationship, check your own working, and see how a result is reached.

Check anything that matters

Verify important calculations independently — against your own working, a second method, the relevant standard, or a colleague — before relying on them. Each calculator shows the formula and the substitution it used, so checking is straightforward. If a number matters, it is worth working through by hand.

Not professional engineering advice

This site does not provide professional engineering advice, design services or certification, and using it does not create a professional relationship. Real designs depend on things a calculator cannot supply, including:

• Component tolerances, drift and ageing
• Temperature, supply, load and other operating conditions
• Safety margins, derating and failure modes
• Applicable standards, regulations and approvals
• Measurement errors, parasitics, noise and real-world behaviour

No guarantee of suitability or accuracy

The calculations are believed correct for the assumptions each calculator states, and they are covered by automated tests against known values — but no guarantee is given that any result is accurate, complete, current or fit for a particular application, and this site is not a substitute for professional engineering judgement.

If you find a mistake, please report it so it can be corrected.

See also

The terms and conditions cover use of the site, and the privacy policy covers data.